
\begingroup
\centering
\begin{tabular}{lcccccc}
   \toprule
    & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\makecell{Patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 1.05, sd = 1.73)}} & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\makecell{Breakthrough patents \\ per 1,000 people \\ (mean = 0.13, sd = 0.28)}}\\
\cmidrule(lr){2-4}  \cmidrule(lr){5-7}
                                         & (1)           & (2)           & (3)           & (4)           & (5)           & (6)\\  
   \midrule 
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel A: Least-squares estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\ \cmidrule(lr){1-7}
   Surname diversity                     & 1.288$^{***}$ & 1.290$^{***}$ & 1.288$^{***}$ & 0.094$^{***}$ & 0.095$^{***}$ & 0.095$^{***}$\\   
                                         & (0.181)       & (0.182)       & (0.181)       & (0.017)       & (0.017)       & (0.018)\\   
   Surname diversity ($<$ 100 miles)     & 0.460$^{*}$   & 0.442$^{*}$   & 0.437$^{*}$   & 0.033         & 0.025         & 0.025\\   
                                         & (0.261)       & (0.252)       & (0.252)       & (0.041)       & (0.043)       & (0.043)\\   
   Surname diversity (100 $<$ 200 miles) &               & 0.122         & 0.131         &               & 0.058         & 0.059\\   
                                         &               & (0.235)       & (0.235)       &               & (0.083)       & (0.083)\\   
   Surname diversity (200 $<$ 300 miles) &               &               & -0.082        &               &               & 0.008\\   
                                         &               &               & (0.193)       &               &               & (0.038)\\   
   Population                            & 0.737$^{***}$ & 0.737$^{***}$ & 0.736$^{***}$ & 0.098$^{***}$ & 0.098$^{***}$ & 0.098$^{***}$\\   
                                         & (0.190)       & (0.190)       & (0.190)       & (0.029)       & (0.028)       & (0.028)\\   
   Population ($<$ 100 miles)            & -0.011        & -0.022        & -0.074        & 0.081$^{*}$   & 0.071$^{*}$   & 0.066\\   
                                         & (0.163)       & (0.174)       & (0.181)       & (0.045)       & (0.041)       & (0.040)\\   
   Population (100 $<$ 200 miles)        &               & -0.136        & -0.206        &               & -0.094$^{**}$ & -0.102$^{**}$\\   
                                         &               & (0.204)       & (0.222)       &               & (0.039)       & (0.045)\\   
   Population (200 $<$ 300 miles)        &               &               & -0.295$^{*}$  &               &               & -0.037\\   
                                         &               &               & (0.172)       &               &               & (0.043)\\   
    \\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel B: Reduced-form estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
   Predicted surname diversity                     & 0.894$^{***}$ & 0.891$^{***}$ & 0.891$^{***}$ & 0.059$^{***}$ & 0.058$^{***}$ & 0.058$^{***}$\\   
                                                   & (0.241)       & (0.242)       & (0.241)       & (0.019)       & (0.019)       & (0.018)\\   
   Predicted surname diversity ($<$ 100 miles)     & 0.334$^{*}$   & 0.328$^{*}$   & 0.332$^{*}$   & 0.007         & 0.006         & 0.005\\   
                                                   & (0.171)       & (0.165)       & (0.167)       & (0.028)       & (0.027)       & (0.027)\\   
   Predicted surname diversity (100 $<$ 200 miles) &               & 0.132         & 0.136         &               & 0.066$^{**}$  & 0.065$^{**}$\\   
                                                   &               & (0.151)       & (0.153)       &               & (0.030)       & (0.031)\\   
   Predicted surname diversity (200 $<$ 300 miles) &               &               & -0.026        &               &               & -0.030\\   
                                                   &               &               & (0.106)       &               &               & (0.027)\\   
   Predicted population                            & 0.224         & 0.225         & 0.224         & 0.049         & 0.049         & 0.049\\   
                                                   & (0.206)       & (0.205)       & (0.205)       & (0.035)       & (0.035)       & (0.034)\\   
   Predicted population ($<$ 100 miles)            & 0.040         & 0.025         & -0.039        & 0.083$^{**}$  & 0.067$^{*}$   & 0.061$^{*}$\\   
                                                   & (0.135)       & (0.141)       & (0.146)       & (0.035)       & (0.033)       & (0.032)\\   
   Predicted population (100 $<$ 200 miles)        &               & -0.097        & -0.180        &               & -0.084$^{**}$ & -0.093$^{**}$\\   
                                                   &               & (0.180)       & (0.191)       &               & (0.035)       & (0.040)\\   
   Predicted population (200 $<$ 300 miles)        &               &               & -0.356$^{**}$ &               &               & -0.032\\   
                                                   &               &               & (0.135)       &               &               & (0.037)\\   
\\
\multicolumn{2}{l}{\textit{Panel C: Instrumental-variable estimates}} &  \multicolumn{5}{c}{}\\
\cmidrule(lr){1-7}
   Surname diversity                                        & 1.075$^{***}$ & 1.069$^{***}$ & 1.069$^{***}$     & 0.105$^{***}$ & 0.103$^{***}$ & 0.099$^{***}$\\   
                                                            & (0.276)       & (0.275)       & (0.287)           & (0.022)       & (0.022)       & (0.023)\\   
   Surname diversity ($<$ 100 miles)                        & 0.508         & 0.561$^{**}$  & 0.559$^{**}$      & -0.015        & -0.018        & -0.020\\   
                                                            & (0.317)       & (0.278)       & (0.271)           & (0.056)       & (0.054)       & (0.054)\\   
   Surname diversity (100 $<$ 200 miles)                    &               & -0.090        & -0.079            &               & 0.100         & 0.139\\   
                                                            &               & (0.775)       & (0.913)           &               & (0.138)       & (0.163)\\   
   Surname diversity (200 $<$ 300 miles)                    &               &               & -0.049            &               &               & -0.186\\   
                                                            &               &               & (0.945)           &               &               & (0.175)\\   
   Population                                               & 0.641$^{***}$ & 0.642$^{***}$ & 0.643$^{***}$     & 0.133$^{***}$ & 0.132$^{***}$ & 0.131$^{***}$\\   
                                                            & (0.112)       & (0.108)       & (0.107)           & (0.019)       & (0.018)       & (0.018)\\   
   Population ($<$ 100 miles)                               & 0.128         & 0.133         & 0.136             & 0.034         & 0.038         & 0.039\\   
                                                            & (0.127)       & (0.128)       & (0.126)           & (0.033)       & (0.035)       & (0.033)\\   
   Population (100 $<$ 200 miles)                           &               & -0.131        & -0.126            &               & -0.058$^{**}$ & -0.057$^{*}$\\   
                                                            &               & (0.139)       & (0.141)           &               & (0.027)       & (0.029)\\   
   Population (200 $<$ 300 miles)                           &               &               & 0.037             &               &               & 0.027\\   
                                                            &               &               & (0.161)           &               &               & (0.030)\\   
\\
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat: Surname diversity  & 164; 125      & 145; 88; 28   & 215; 136; 25; 25  & 164; 125      & 145; 88; 28   & 215; 136; 25; 25\\  
   Sanderson-Windmeijer \textit{F}-stat: Population         & 31; 485       & 39; 817; 161  & 42; 644; 234; 414 & 31; 485       & 39; 817; 161  & 42; 644; 234; 414\\  
    \\
   County fixed effects                  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   State-Period fixed effects            & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   County-specific linear trends               & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$  & $\checkmark$\\   
   Observations                          & 21,942        & 21,942        & 21,942        & 21,942        & 21,942        & 21,942\\  
   \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\par\endgroup


